A one‐year efficacy assessment of subcutaneous immunotherapy in dust mite allergic rhinitis patients based on clinical symptoms and objective biomarkers

Abstract Objective To evaluate the 1‐year efficacy of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in treating dust mite‐induced allergic rhinitis (AR) and establish objective biomarkers for efficacy monitoring. Methods Fifty‐nine AR patients underwent 1‐year SCIT. Subjective symptoms were assessed via total nasal symptom score (TNSS), combined symptom/medication score (CSMS), and mini rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (MiniRQLQ). Serum total immunoglobulin E (tIgE), Dermatophagoides species‐specific IgE ( Der p ‐sIgE), and component‐specific IgE ( Der p 1/2/10/23) were measured. IgE‐facilitated allergen binding (IgE‐FAB) assay evaluated blocking antibody activity. Results The mean TNSS, CSMS, and MiniRQLQ scores were significantly reduced by 28.60% ( p < 0.001), 28.60% ( p = 0.006), and 24.30% ( p < 0.001) respectively after 1 year of SCIT treatment. SCIT treatment significantly elevated serum tIgE and Der p sIgE levels ( p < 0.001), with a pronounced increase in component‐specific IgE positivity for Der p 1 and Der p 23 ( p < 0.001). The IgE‐FAB assay demonstrated that the average suppression of IgE‐allergen binding in serum by 1‐year SCIT was 4.48% ( p < 0.001). Conclusion SCIT markedly reduces subjective symptoms in patients with dust mite AR over a 1‐year treatment period. Component‐sIgE levels and IgE‐FAB inhibition could function as objective biomarkers for assessing immunotherapy efficacy, thus facilitating tailored clinical interventions.