Topographic and watershed analysis of Haditha Dam Basin using geographic information system and remote sensing for water management

Water scarcity and inefficient water management are critical challenges, particularly in Iraq, because it faces significant challenges in managing its water resources due to increasing demand for water and climate change, which threatens water security. This study aims to promote sustainable water resource management practices in arid and semi-arid regions, focusing on the Haditha Dam Basin in Iraq. The topographic and hydrological characteristics of the basin were analyzed using geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques. The study relied on Sentinel-1/2 satellite data to classify land use and land cover (LULC) and create high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). Using ArcGIS Pro, several hydrological factors were analyzed, including slopes, flow directions, water accumulation, and sub-basin identification. Results revealed a marked topographic contrast between the northern and southern regions of the basin. The southern regions are characterized by flat areas that facilitate groundwater recharge, while the steep northern slopes lead to increased erosion and rapid surface runoff. Several sub-basins were identified, with the main basin accounting for approximately 40% of the total water input. These results are consistent with previous studies in arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Duhok Dam Basin in Iraq, where topographical features play a key role in hydrological response. Study limitations include DEM accuracy, which may not capture the fine details of small-scale flow characteristics due to their resolution (10 m). Furthermore, remote sensing cannot directly measure subsurface hydrology, requiring verification with field data or additional models. LULC classification is also affected by seasonal variations and spectral mixing, which may affect the accuracy of the results. Despite these challenges, the study provides valuable information for policymakers to improve water resource management in arid regions. It also provides a scientific basis for developing more effective flood control and reservoir management strategies, contributing to sustainable water resource planning.