The Determinants of Psychological Well-Being Among Kidney Transplant Recipients in Kazakhstan: A Cross-Sectional Study

<b>Background:</b> Kidney transplantation (KTx) significantly improves survival and quality of life in patients with end-stage renal disease. However, post-transplant well-being is influenced by multiple factors, including healthcare accessibility, satisfaction with medical care, and psychological health. This study aimed to assess the well-being of post-KTx patients in Kazakhstan and examine its associations with healthcare access, satisfaction, and anxiety. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional study was conducted among 223 post-KTx patients in Kazakhstan. Participants were recruited through online surveys and telephone interviews. Only patients who had undergone transplantation within Kazakhstan were included. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index was used to measure well-being, and additional surveys assessed healthcare access, satisfaction with post-KTx care, and treatment-related anxiety. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify predictors of well-being. <b>Results:</b> The mean WHO-5 well-being score was 66.1 (SD = 24.6), indicating moderate well-being. Satisfaction with post-transplant information (β = 0.287, <i>p</i> = 0.015) and educational level (β = 0.172, <i>p</i> = 0.019) were significant positive predictors of well-being. In contrast, post-KTx anxiety (β = -0.154, <i>p</i> = 0.024) and difficulties in accessing medical care (β = -0.216, <i>p</i> = 0.014) negatively affected well-being. Patients residing in rural areas reported greater barriers to post-transplant care compared to those in urban settings (χ² = 31.6, <i>p</i> = 0.002). <b>Conclusions:</b> Post-KTx well-being in Kazakhstan is influenced by educational level, access to healthcare, satisfaction with medical information, and anxiety levels. Targeted interventions to improve access to post-transplant care, enhance patient education, and address psychological distress may help improve outcomes for post-KTx patients.