Review of bredigite-based 3D-printed bone scaffolds in biomedical applications

The use of three-dimensional (3D) bio-scaffolds for bone regeneration has gained significant attention due to the increasing demand for effective bone graft substitutes. Among various bioceramics, bredigite (Ca7MgSi4O16) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its excellent bioactivity, suitable mechanical properties, and controlled biodegradability. Recent advancements in 3D printing technologies have enabled the fabrication of porous bredigite-based scaffolds with tunable structural and biological characteristics, facilitating enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest developments in bredigite-based 3D-printed scaffolds, focusing on their fabrication techniques, mechanical behavior, and potential biomedical applications. Additionally, the key future directions for optimizing these scaffolds are discussed.