Probabilistic, Multi‐Sensor Eruption Forecasting

Abstract We developed an eruption forecasting model using data from multiple sensors or data streams with the Bayesian network method. The model generates probabilistic forecasts that are interpretable and resilient against sensor outage. We applied the model at Whakaari/White Island, an andesite island volcano off the coast of New Zealand, using seismic tremor recordings, earthquake rate, and CO 2 , SO 2 , and H 2 S emission rates. At Whakaari/White Island, our model shows increases in eruption probability months to weeks prior to the three explosive eruptions that were recorded between 2013 and 2019. Our model outperforms the use of any of the data sets alone as an indicator for impending eruptions. Although developed for Whakaari/White Island, our model can be easily adapted to other volcanoes, complementing existing forecasting methods that rely on single data streams.