Advancing personalized, predictive, and preventive medicine in bladder cancer: a multi-omics and machine learning approach for novel prognostic modeling, immune profiling, and therapeutic target discovery

The ICDRS serves as a robust prognostic biomarker for BLCA, offering insights into tumor immune evasion mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Its integration with clinical features enhances personalized treatment strategies, highlighting the importance of ICD in BLCA immunotherapy and precision medicine. The model's predictive accuracy and biological relevance were validated across multiple datasets, underscoring its potential for clinical application.