Dynamic Multiparty to Multiparty Quantum Secret Sharing Based on Entanglement Swapping of Bell States

Abstract To address the challenge of disseminating confidential information from multiple agents to multiple agents, a dynamic quantum secret sharing protocol is proposed for multiparty ( agents in the Group 1) to multiparty ( agents in the Group 2) based on entanglement swapping of Bell states. This protocol accommodates an unequal number of agents in two groups with and enables the addition and revocation of agents in the Group 2 in both the pre‐measurement phase and the post‐measurement phase. In addition, agents in the Group 1 can verify the shares of agents in the Group 2 without the need for a third party, which significantly enhances the security and simplifies the protocol. A comprehensive security analysis demonstrates that the protocol can effectively resist common attacks in quantum communications. The simulation on the IBM's Qiskit framework shows the correctness and usefulness of the protocol. Compared with previous protocols, the protocol is more flexible and practical. Moreover, the protocol based on Bell states exhibits superior performance compared with previous protocols that utilised others entangled states. This study offers a more flexible and efficient solution for advancing the field of quantum secure communications.