Sustainable Investment Strategy: A Fuzzy Nonlinear Multi-Objective Programming for Taiwan’s Solar Photovoltaic Billboards

In Taiwan, large advertising billboards on commercial buildings consume significant energy, exacerbating environmental challenges and straining sustainability efforts. This study explores the potential of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems (SPVS) to power these billboards, offering a dual solution for energy reduction and financial viability. Using a fuzzy nonlinear multi-objective programming approach, the research demonstrates that SPVS investments become profitable by the ninth year (0.7232% return), rising to 5.4463% by the twentieth year, while a 26-day reduction in construction time cuts carbon emissions by 223.11 kg. The innovative Revenue–Time–Cost–Quality–Carbon Emissions (RTCQCE) framework balances economic gains with environmental benefits, leveraging advertising revenue to fund SPVS. This model bridges a research gap by integrating financial and ecological factors, providing a practical tool for sustainable urban development in Taiwan.