Анализ конструкции колонновидного насаждения на основе оценки биологических особенностей и хозяйственно- ценных параметров сортов

Columnar apple cultivars, due to the unique habit of growth, form compact crowns, which makes it possible to lay super-intensive plantings that do not need annual maintenance of the optimal crown by pruning techniques. Precocity, productivity of cultivars, biometric indicators of trees and the level of illumination in the planting of columnar apple cultivars were studied. The analysis of the results made it possible to evaluate the design of the plantation, which was an orchard of columnar apple cultivars on the rootstock 62-396 in the form of crowned trees with the spacing scheme of 4.0 m ? 1.0 m. The study of the growth force showed that in the sixth year after planting, the average height of trees for the studied cultivars was 203.9 cm. The crowns of columnar cultivars consist of a small number of branches of the first order, have a small volume and a small projection. The number of branches forming the crown ranges from 8 pcs. in the Poezia cultivar up to 16 pcs. in the Vostorg cultivar. The volume of the crown of trees on average is 0.6 m3 and there are no significant varietal differences. At the same time, the share of fruit-bearing wood is large - 83.3% of the total crown volume. The value of the projection area of the crown of trees averaged 0.5 m2. The full development of the orchard space and, consequently, the realization of its potential productivity has not yet been achieved, as evidenced by a number of evaluation indicators. The projection area of the crown is only 12.5 % of the nutrition area of trees, the ratio of the width of the aisles and the height of the trees is 0.5 with a norm of 0.8-0.9. The total leaf surface of the studied plantation was 2-2.5 times less than the optimal one and was 10708.3 m2/ha. All cultivars in the studied plantation entered commercial fruiting in the fourth year of planting and in the sixth year the yield of the cultivars averaged 15.9 t/ha. Columnar cultivars have high potential productivity. It is due, among other things, to their characteristic high leaf area index (LAI), the value of which is on average 8.6 m2 per 1 m2 of the area occupied by the crown projection for all the studied cultivars. The best indicators of specific productivity are characterized by the crowns of Poezia (14.4 kg/m2), Girlianda (13.2 kg/m2) and Orlovskaya Yesenia (12.1 kg/m2). According to the indicators of economic productivity of the leaves, Girlianda, Poezia and Valuta are distinguished, which have 2.2-2.0 kg of fruit per 1 m 2 of leaves. The illumination inside the crown averaged 33.1 % and this is a sufficient level for the formation of the yield of commercial fruits and the laying of a future yield.