Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency as a complication of nivolumab treatment: A case report

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, have become key therapeutic options for specific cancers, used as first-, second-, or third-line treatments for various metastatic conditions. Nivolumab, a programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor, is FDA-approved for metastatic renal cell carcinoma among other cancers. As the use of nivolumab becomes more widespread, understanding both its common and rare side effects is essential. Although nivolumab has been associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), there are rare cases where this adverse effect may be compounded by other underlying conditions. Here, we report the first case of AIHA in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, triggered as a complication of nivolumab treatment.