Role of Endophytes ININ Abiotic and Biotic Stress Alleviation

Endophytes, typically fungal or bacterial microbes residing within plant tissues without causing disease, hold promise for revolutionizing crop production. They enhance host plant survival against biotic and abiotic challenges by directly improving nutrient uptake and modulating plant hormones. Indirectly, they contribute to plant health by deterring pathogens with antibiotics and enzymes, reducing nutrient availability for pathogens and activating defense mechanisms. This review delves into their diverse mechanisms, offering sustainable alternatives to chemical interventions. Understanding their role in stress alleviation is crucial for advancing agricultural practices and ensuring global food security.