Genome-wide identification and characterization caleosin genes in lima-bean (Phaseolus lunatus)

Phaseolus lunatus, commonly known as lima bean or butter bean, is a leguminous crop with significant agricultural and nutritional value, particularly in tropical regions. Caleosin, a lipid-associated protein, plays a crucial role in seed germination, stress response, and lipid metabolism, presenting potential targets for genetic improvement. This study aimed to identify and characterize caleosin genes (PlCLOs) in P. lunatus using in silico methods. Six genes encoding caleosin proteins were identified, exhibiting molecular weights between 16.58 and 27.28 kDa and subcellular localization predominantly in chloroplasts. Conserved motifs, such as calcium-binding and phosphorylation sites, were identified, alongside structural elements crucial for lipid droplet anchoring. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three evolutionary groups, suggesting functional divergence. Structural modeling confirmed high-quality protein models dominated by α-helices and irregular loops. Functional annotations highlighted roles in stress tolerance, calcium signaling, and lipid metabolism. These findings deepen the understanding of caleosins role in plant biology, providing insights for sustainable agricultural practices and genetic improvement of P. lunatus.