Development, structure and regulation of sebaceous glands at present stage (literature review)

This article provides a literature review on the development and regulation of sebaceous glands, which have been actively studied in recent decades. Research is carried out on biological material, laboratory animals, cell and tissue cultures. Recent advances in diagnostic techniques, the use of immunocytochemical research methods and immunofluorescence markers have expanded the opportunities for studying the skin. The purpose of the review is to systematize information about human sebaceous glands according to domestic and foreign sources using modern research methods. This article provides information on the development, structure and regulation of human sebaceous glands, which are among the most important skin derivatives and have a unique holocrine type of secretion. They secrete sebum, which forms a water-lipid mantle on the surface of the epidermis. The development of sebaceous glands begins on the 13th–16th week of embryogenesis and occurs in parallel with the development of hair follicles and epidermis. Their activities are controlled by various factors. These are genetic predisposition and environmental factors, hormones and non-hormonal factors, neuropeptides, and pharmacological agents that affect sebum production. The analysis of literary sources was carried out in PubMed and eLibrary.RU databases, CyberLeninka, which are large aggregators of scientific publications around the world. At the request "sebaceous gland", 10,967 publications were received. For a deeper study, 51 publications from various domestic and foreign scientific publications were selected. Scientific reviews and original studies have been reviewed, which present the results of studying sebaceous glands. Currently, there is a growing interest in studying various skin structures, especially sebaceous glands, which are involved in regeneration, aging processes, neurotransmitter interactions, transformations of hormones and neuropeptides and perform complex neuroendocrine and immunological functions.