Do we need watchful eyes on our workers? Ethics of using computer vision for workplace surveillance

Abstract In this paper, we critically examine the relevant ethical concerns of using computer vision-based surveillance in workplaces and propose an intent—and priority-based ethical framework for such systems. With the growing capabilities of computer vision technologies, its application in monitoring workplaces brings forth significant concerns. Organisations increasingly leverage computer vision for workplace surveillance to improve productivity, safety, and security. Unlike electronic surveillance techniques that monitor workers’ wire or electronic communication, computer vision-based workplace surveillance (CVWS) captures highly detailed visual and personal information about workers, including body language, emotional state, and actions. This makes CVWS potentially more intrusive than traditional electronic surveillance, raising a more comprehensive range of ethical considerations. However, this topic has received minimal attention in the current literature. Our proposed framework combines the intention for deploying surveillance with the moral notions of privacy, data security, fairness, transparency, explainability, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, dignity, and reliability to morally scrutinise CVWS systems. The paper proposes a second framework that aims to establish accountability among key stakeholders of the CVWS system. Further, we discuss two critical questions to consider when evaluating the necessity for CVWS systems in a work environment. In practice, this work will serve as a groundwork for stakeholders such as technical developers, employers, and regulatory and advocacy teams to make ethical design decisions during the developmental, operational, and maintenance stages of CVWS systems and devise proactive strategies to minimise potential harm.