IMPACT OF MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN AMNIOTIC FLUID AS AN EARLY BIOMARKER FOR HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY

Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (HDP), such as pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension, represent one of the main causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Early identification of these conditions is essential for implementing therapeutic and monitoring strategies that can reduce serious complications. In this context, microRNAs (miRNAs), small molecules that regulate gene expression, have been widely studied as potential biomarkers. Analyzing the expression of miRNAs in amniotic fluid has emerged as a promising approach for the early detection of HGD, allowing for more effective and less invasive screening compared to traditional methods. The aim in question is to investigate the impact of miRNA expression in amniotic fluid as early biomarkers for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, evaluating their association with pathophysiological changes and their clinical applicability in predicting these conditions. This study is a literature review with a qualitative approach, focused on investigating the role of microRNAs and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. The research aims to understand how microRNAs can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in gestational complications, especially in pre-eclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Recent studies have shown that the differential expression of miRNAs in amniotic fluid may be directly related to placental dysfunction and the development of GDM. Some miRNAs, such as miR-210, miR-155 and miR-517, have been associated with placental hypoxia and the activation of inflammatory pathways involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. The ability of these miRNAs to modulate angiogenesis and endothelial function suggests their potential as predictive biomarkers. In addition, advanced sequencing techniques have enabled a more detailed analysis of the miRNA profile in amniotic fluid, facilitating the identification of specific patterns for each HGD phenotype. However, challenges such as the standardization of detection methods and clinical validation still need to be overcome before these tools can be implemented in obstetric practice. The expression of miRNAs in amniotic fluid has great potential as an early biomarker for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, enabling a more accurate diagnosis and a more effective preventive approach. Despite the promising advances, more research is needed to validate these findings and establish clinical protocols that make their routine application feasible. Integrating these findings with other diagnostic approaches could represent a significant advance in the management of HGD, contributing to a reduction in maternal-fetal complications and improving obstetric outcomes.