Noncoding RNAs in Host–Microbiota Interaction

ABSTRACT The dynamic interaction between the gut microbiota and the host significantly affects host biological processes and disease progression. In recent years, the regulatory mechanisms underlying these intricate interactions have been widely studied. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of functional RNAs that, despite not being translated into proteins, play critical roles in mediating host–gut microbiota interactions. In this review, we systematically elucidate the mechanisms of action and influence of ncRNAs derived from both hosts and microorganisms. Specifically, certain host ncRNAs depend on the microbiota to modulate gene expression and function, whereas other host ncRNAs can alter the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota. Conversely, bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) can infiltrate host cells and modulate the expression and functions of host genes. These interactions reveal the complex communication modes between the host and microbiota, providing a new perspective for investigating the occurrence and development of intestinal diseases. Consequently, through the intervention of ncRNAs, host‒microbe interaction dynamics can be effectively regulated, thereby providing potential theoretical and technical foundations for the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases.