Design and Analysis of Non-Invasive RF Microwave Based Sensor for Water Quality Monitoring

Water quality monitoring plays a pivotal role in maintaining environmental sustainability and ensuring public health. This study introduces the design, fabrication, and analysis of a non-invasive circular-shaped complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) RF microwave-based sensor specifically developed for water quality assessment. By integrating CSRR technology, the sensor offers enhanced sensitivity to variations in electromagnetic properties, enabling accurate real-time monitoring of water quality parameters such as permittivity and conductivity without direct contact with the water sample. The sensor is designed using HFSS simulation software and fabricated on an FR4 substrate using standard PCB fabrication techniques, ensuring cost-effectiveness and scalability. The developed sensor was analyzed using different water samples, and changes in the s-parameter reflection coefficient were observed.