Survey on Protocols and Standards Used by Electric Vehicles

As the global need for sustainability and reduced carbon emissions has amplified, the automotive industry has witnessed a major push in the manufacturing of electric vehicles. The rapid increase in EVs has made it indispensable to use standardized protocols, as they play a vital role in coherent communication, safety, and efficiency. This paper examines the primary EV protocols that align with national and global standards. By analyzing standards such as ISO 15118, CHAdeMO, and OCPP, this study provides insights into the evolution of EV protocols aimed at interoperability and safety.