Blood biochemical markers and risk factors for esophageal cancer: A study in Gezira State, Sudan

Esophageal cancer (EC) poses a significant health challenge in Sudan, particularly in the Gezira State, yet the associated risk factors and biochemical markers remain understudied. This study investigated the relationship between various biochemical markers, dietary habits, and lifestyle factors with EC in this region. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Cancer Institute in Wad-Medani, Gezira State, Sudan, from 2021 to 2022, involving 50 participants. Data on dietary habits, smoking, and alcohol consumption were collected using a structured questionnaire, and hemoglobin, albumin, and serum protein levels were measured. The study found a significant association between gender and EC, with a higher prevalence in females (64%, p=0.021). Most patients were diagnosed with locally advanced EC and exhibited reduced serum albumin and total protein levels. A significant correlation was observed between cancer stage and albumin levels (p=0.000), as well as between obesity and EC stages (p=0.046). These findings highlight the importance of considering socio-demographic factors and biochemical markers in the risk assessment and management of EC in Sudan.