TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN KAZAKHSTAN AND RUSSIA UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF SANCTIONS

This article analyzes the impact of anti-Russian sanctions on trade and economic relations between Kazakhstan and Russia. For the EAEU member states, big data from official statistics for 2005-2023 was used; a deep descriptive analysis of the dynamics and structure of export and import supplies between the countries, mutual investments were performed; Herfindahl-Hirschman indices were calculated. The descriptive analysis established a significant impact of sanctions against Russia on structural shifts in Kazakhstan's trade with alternative effects. Firstly, imports from Russia decreased due to restrictions on the supply of certain goods and the withdrawal of several companies from the Russian market. Secondly, Kazakhstan increased exports to Russia by almost a quarter, mainly due to the supply of machinery, equipment and chemical products. The calculated Herfindahl-Hirschman indices confirmed that exports from Kazakhstan to Russia are more concentrated than imports from Russia to Kazakhstan. At the same time, negative effects for Kazakhstan emerged: costs associated with changing transport and logistics routes and searching for new counterparties increased; risks of secondary sanctions against Kazakhstani manufacturers and foreign financial institutions re-exporting sanctioned goods to Russia, dual-use goods and “high priority” goods increased.