Technical review on active and passive solar stills to improve the performance of enhanced condensers using nanoparticles

As the global population continues to grow, the need for freshwater is becoming increasingly urgent. It has increased the acceptance of desalination technology, with solar stills emerging as popular, low-cost, and low-maintenance options. However, solar energy still suffers from low freshwater production, and hence, there is a need to evaluate different approaches utilised by researchers to increase productivity. This study presents a systematic review of various active and passive solar stills and the modifications incorporated in their designs to increase productivity. Furthermore, this study also explores the significant advancements in the context of nanoparticles and condensers used to improve the performance of solar stills. To ensure a huge spread in the adoption of solar still-applied science, ongoing research is necessary. The findings of the research work offer findings and data on the continuing state of Solar still applications and suggest possible areas for future research. Finally, this study can aid in the creation of economical and sustainable solutions to expanding freshwater needs.