Extraction and analysis of kenaf cellulose nanoparticles using improved chemo-mechanical methods

Kenaf-derived cellulose nanoparticles (KNP) have gained attention due to their sustainability and eco-friendliness. However, challenges such as hydrophilicity, low yield, and thermal instability limit their application in fiber-reinforced composites. This study presents an improved chemo-mechanical method for extracting KNP, achieving a high yield of 65.5%. Characterization using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) confirmed the removal of lignin and hemicellulose, with a crystallinity index increase from 49.06% to 87.5%. TEM analysis revealed nanoparticle diameters ranging from 50 to 100 nm. These results highlight the enhanced structural properties of KNP, making them suitable for nanocomposites and advanced engineering applications.