Review of the Sources, Impacts, and Control of Fine Particulate Matter

PM2.5 pollution presents a severe threat to air quality and public health in China. The harmful components of PM2.5 are diverse, including black carbon, organic carbon, metal elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and others. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 can lead to serious diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke, as well as contribute to many lung and heart problems. Additionally, PM2.5 alters urban landscapes on multiple levels, affecting visibility, the appearance of buildings, plant health, residents’ quality of life, and landscape perception. Therefore, taking good steps to control PM2.5 pollution is not only crucial for improving air quality, but also an urgent task for protecting public health and reducing health risks to the population. The main sources of PM2.5 in China include industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, construction dust, and agricultural activities. PM2.5 source composition varies regionally and seasonally. In winter, because of higher heating needs and the widespread use of coal, coal-related emissions are an important source, especially in the north. In summer and autumn, however, motor vehicle and industrial emissions are more prominent. PM2.5 concentrations are affected by multiple factors, which mainly include meteorological conditions, topography, environmental factors, and the burning of fossil fuels. The key measures for PM2.5 pollution control include strengthening source control, promoting clean energy, improving traffic and industrial emission standards, expanding green areas, and improving urban planning.