Biotechnological Pathways for Transitioning Oil Refineries to Bio-based Refineries

The global shift towards sustainable energy and circular economies necessitates the transformation of traditional oil refineries into bio-based refineries. This paper explores microbial and enzymatic processes as viable pathways for this transition, focusing on the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals, and other renewable products. A scalable biotechnological framework is proposed, supported by economic and life-cycle analyses, aligning with current trends in renewable energy integration. Case studies demonstrate the practical application and benefits of these biotechnological interventions.