Magnetization of the lithosphere and the upper mantle based on magnetic-mineralogical data

According to numerous studies, sources of magnetic anomalies in the lithosphere and mantle can have a magnetic-mineralogical nature due to magnetic minerals at mantle depths. The minerals include native iron, which can be brought up from significant depths by mantle melts or formed under the influence of reducing fluids. Mantle plumes play a leading role in these processes as conduits of matter (and energy) from the Earth’s outer core to its surface, according to some authors. Metallic iron has been identified in oceanic basalts, traps, and hyperbasites. In subduction zones, the magnetization and increased magnetic susceptibility of lithospheric plates can persist at mantle depths for a long time due to the Hopkinson effect, with the highest value observed for pure native iron. Phase transitions of magnetite, hematite, native iron, and iron-cobalt alloy can occur at mantle depths ranging from 25 to 700 km depending on their Curie temperatures under different thermodynamic regimes of hot and cold lithospheric plates.