Complications of Osseointegrated Prostheses and Comparison of Quality of Life in Patients with Different Prosthetic Systems: A Review

Background. Despite recent advances in medicine, the amputation rate remains quite high. Among civilians, vascular diseases (82%) and injuries (17%) are the main causes leading to disability. Half of the patients who have undergone amputation have difficulty using a traditional prosthetic socket (PS). An alternative to PS are osseointegrated (OI) prostheses that transmit loads through the bones, provide increased comfort and the possibility of fitting faulty and short stumps. The aim — based on a literature review, to determine the mechanical and infectious complications rate of osseointegrated prosthetic systems and compare the quality of life in patients with osseointegrated prostheses and prosthetic in sockets. Methods. The search for scientific publications was performed in Scopus, PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY databases using the keywords related to osseointegration and quality of life, from 2000 to 2024. Results. Infections in the stoma area may develop in 11-67% of patients, with 5-8% of cases requiring surgical intervention. Use of ОI prostheses significantly improved functional indicators: the proportion of patients with a K-level ≥3 increased from 5 to 100%, and the results of the six-minute walk test increased from 292 to 448 meters. All indicators of quality of life according to the SF-36 scale improved, and the proportion of patients using the prosthesis for more than 13 hours a day increased from 43 to 95%. Osseointegrated prosthetics is superior to traditional methods in all Q-TFA indicators. Conclusions. Osseointegrated implants improve patient’s perception of the prosthesis and feel like a part of the body rather than a prosthetic device compared to dentures with stump sleeves. Osseointegrated prosthetics is a promising technology, but requires further research and improvement of the soft tissue interface for wider application.