Anti-corruption strategies in Feudal Vietnam: historical perspectives from the 10th to the 19th century and modern applications

This study analyzes the phenomenon of corruption in Vietnam from both historical and contemporary perspectives to draw lessons and propose practical solutions. Using Klitgaard’s theoretical framework with the formula ‘C = M + D – A’ (Corruption = Monopoly +Discretion – Accountability), the research clarifies the root causes of corruption, including the concentration of power, lack of transparency, and accountability, in both the feudal historical context and the present day. Based on historical anti-corruption measures such as the ‘clean subsidy’ system during the Nguyễn Dynasty and the Đô Sát Viện oversight system, the study compares them with international experiences, including Tackling Corruption with Investigative Power in Brazil, high salary policies and strict sanctions in Singapore, and the application of technology in India to reduce direct contact in public services. This study contributes to the field of anti-corruption by combining historical analysis and modern theory to build a comprehensive theoretical framework that explains corruption mechanisms within Vietnam’s unique cultural and political context. Practical solutions proposed include reforming the civil servant salary system, enhancing information transparency, establishing independent oversight agencies, and promoting the application of technology. The study holds academic value and aids in developing effective policies to promote transparent governance and sustainable development in Vietnam.