Supplemental Material for Double Standards in Judging Collective Action

A.1 Study 1In Study 1, we compiled a list of collective actions from participants' responses and other sources.To that end, we recruited 60 participants from the Prolific subject pool, all of whom were citizens of the UK or the US.To increase the socioeconomic diversity of our sample, we recruited 30 non-students without a university degree, 15 non-students with a university degree, and 15 current university students.Participants first read an accessible description of collective action: Society is not only made up of individuals, but consists of 'social groups' to which these individuals belong.Each person lives in a place, has a job (or not) at an organisation, is a fan of a specific sports club, has a religion, or belongs to any number of other such groups.Individuals often act in ways to promote the interests of the social groups to which they belong.For example, the workers in a factory might want to get paid more.They might go on a strike to reach that goal.Students at a university might want to prevent an increase in tuition fees.They might hand out flyers or occupy a building to reach that goal.Other groups might want to protest against police violence.They might block traffic on a road to make others aware of this issue.