Novel bioink derived from low methoxyl pectin, gelatin and aloe vera as natural biomaterials for fabricating scaffolds encapsulated with living cells by 3D bioprinting

In recent years, 3D bioprinting has emerged as a promising technology for developing complex tissue structures, precisely controlled and designed via computer systems to create intricate organ model. This study focuses on the development of a bioink composed of living cells and hydrogel, specifically using low methoxyl pectin (LMP) combined with gelatin to enhance the properties of bioink for tissue engineering applications. Additionally, aloe vera (AV) dry gel was incorporated into the bioink to promote cell proliferation. The rheological properties of the developed hydrogels were evaluated, revealing shear-thinning and thixotropic behaviors suitable for 3D bioprinting applications. FT-IR and TGA analyses were performed to investigate the chemical and thermal properties of the hydrogels, indicating interactions between the constituents. The printability assessment demonstrated that the developed hydrogels (LMP/Gel, LMP/Gel-1AV, LMP/Gel-2AV) were able to maintain accurate shapes with over 90 % precision. Morphological observation of the dried hydrogel revealed a porous structure with interconnected pores, ensuring nutrient diffusion throughout the hydrogel. Furthermore, the developed bioinks demonstrated biodegradability, low toxicity, and the successful formation of an epidermal-like structure, further highlighting their potential for tissue engineering applications.