Spatial Analysis of Vegetation and Thermal Humidity Index Based on Low Carbon Green City Design in Banjarbaru Using Remote Sensing

Rapid urban growth in Banjarbaru, Indonesia has led to environmental challenges, particularly the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon and reduced carbon sequestration due to declining vegetation cover. This study aims to: (1) analyze spatial patterns of UHI and Thermal Humidity Index (THI) to identify thermally comfortable and uncomfortable areas; (2) assess the relationship between vegetation density (NDVI) and carbon stock potential; and (3) propose spatial strategies to enhance thermal comfort and carbon absorption capacity in support of Low Carbon Green City (LCGC) development. Using a spatial analysis approach, the study utilized Sentinel-2 and Landsat 9 satellite imagery, field measurements via wireless sensor networks (WSN), and GIS-based modeling techniques. Land Surface Temperature (LST), THI, and NDVI were analyzed and correlated with carbon stock data derived from vegetation plot surveys. The results indicate a strong inverse correlation between NDVI and both LST and THI, confirming that vegetation plays a crucial role in regulating microclimate and thermal comfort. Areas with low NDVI exhibited higher surface temperatures and THI values, indicating intense thermal stress. Carbon stock analysis showed that plots with higher NDVI values held significantly greater carbon reserves, with a regression model (R² = 0.850) validating NDVI as a strong predictor for aboveground biomass. Furthermore, high UHI and THI zones overlapped with areas of low carbon stock, highlighting the need for targeted ecological interventions. To address these challenges, the study proposes three spatial strategies: urban farming, green building, and green corridor development. These approaches aim to improve biomass density, reduce surface temperatures, and enhance carbon sequestration potential. Collectively, they support climate adaptation, urban resilience, and participation in carbon trading initiatives. This research contributes a practical framework for integrating ecological and spatial planning toward sustainable urban transformation. Keywords: Urban Heat Island; NDVI; Carbon Stock; Thermal Comfort; Green City Design