Comparative transcriptomes reveal insights into different host responses associated with Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB) has become a major challenge in global wheat production, causing severe yield losses and exacerbating food safety concerns. In recent years, FHB-related research has focused on understanding resistance mechanisms, identifying genetic markers, and breeding resistant varieties to mitigate the disease's impact on yield and quality. This study comparatively analyzed transcriptome data from six wheat materials with differing levels of resistance following infection by Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum). The results displayed that a total of 26,767 protein-coding genes and 2,463 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) showed differential expression levels between normal and FHB treatment in at least one material. Among them, 14,130 FHB-responsive protein-coding genes and 913 lncRNAs were identified as material-specific, with functions related to the unique disease resistance mechanisms of the respective materials. Some of these genes have previously been reported to participate in physiological processes related to wheat FHB resistance, including Pm3-like resistance proteins, lactoylglutathione lyase, serine/threonine protein phosphatases, NBS-LRR resistance proteins, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and RPM1 resistance proteins. Additionally, we integrated FHB-responsive genes and lncRNAs with previously reported FHB QTLs, and constructed an interaction regulatory network between pathogen and host through a co-expression network. Based on this network, we identified five genes (one gene encoding glutathione synthetase and four genes encoding glutathione transferase) in the glutathione metabolism pathway, which overlapped with Fhb2 QTLs regions and exhibited material-specific expression patterns. These results will provide new insights into further dissecting of the functional genes and lncRNAs involved in wheat FHB resistance.