The role of rehabilitation aimed at improving bone function in cancer patients with bone tissue damage

According to WHO data for 2016, cancer-related mortality occupies a leading place in the world. Oncological diseases often lead to damage and changes in the bone system, reducing the quality of life and exposing patients to an increased risk of developing bone-related complications. Bone metastasis is a common complication in solid tumors, most common in cases of prostate cancer (85%), breast (70%), lung (40%), and kidney (40%). The purpose of the review is to summarize current literature data on the role of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment methods in improving bone function in patients with metastatic bone damage, as well as to identify knowledge gaps that require further research. Bone metastases are a serious problem in the treatment of cancer, often causing severe pain. Bone metastases can significantly disrupt the structural integrity of bones, leading to a number of consequences. Rehabilitation programs involving physical exercises have demonstrated high effectiveness in patients with bone metastases. These programs not only contribute to the preservation and improvement of bone health, but also improve the quality of life of patients. Quitting smoking and reducing alcohol consumption are essential components of health management, especially for patients at risk of developing osteoporosis and fractures. Patients should receive sufficient amounts of these nutrients to maintain normal levels of ionized calcium. This review indicates the positive effect of physical exercise, the use of calcium and vitamin D, smoking cessation and alcohol consumption on the physical activity of patients. Based on the data available to date, it has been proven that proper exercise prescribed by specialists in compliance with safety measures does not have negative consequences for patients with cancer and bone metastases, osteoporosis/osteopenia, or those at risk of bone loss.