Effect of Dietary Energy Levels on the Reproductive Performance in Breeding Pigeons, and Growth Performance and Intestinal Health in Squabs

The present study evaluated the effect of different dietary energy levels on reproductive performance in breeding pigeons, as well as growth performance and intestinal health in squabs. In total, 180 pairs of 12-month-old White King breeding pigeons were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments, each with six replicates of six pairs of birds, and fed diets containing 11.60, 11.80, 12.00, 12.20, and 12.40 MJ/kg for 46 days, respectively. Energy content beyond 12.00 MJ/kg shortened the laying interval (linear and quadratic, <i>P</i><0.05), while boosting 38-day, 42-day, and 46-day laying rates (linear, <i>P</i><0.05) in breeding pigeons. Except for the early stage of lactation, feed intake showed a linear and/or quadratic negative relationship with dietary energy content (<i>P</i><0.05). Body weight at 1 week of age, average daily gain during the early growth stages, and serum total protein of squabs increased with increasing dietary energy content (linear, <i>P</i><0.05); whereas alanine aminotransferase activity decreased (quadratic, <i>P</i><0.05). Jejunal villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in squabs increased with increasing dietary energy levels (linear and quadratic, <i>P</i><0.05), particularly in the 12.40 MJ/kg group. Higher dietary energy content increased jejunal malondialdehyde content (linear, <i>P</i><0.05), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase activities (linear, <i>P</i><0.05), as well as ileal T-SOD (linear and quadratic, <i>P</i><0.05) and catalase (quadratic, <i>P</i><0.05) activities in squabs. Hence, intakes greater than 12.00 MJ/kg altered the jejunal redox status. Finally, higher dietary energy content improved reproduction in breeding pigeons and intestinal morphology in squabs. Overall, 12.00 MJ/kg strikes the right balance as it promotes reproductive performance in breeding pigeons and intestinal health in squabs.