Scrutiny of entropy generation and heat transfer over an inclined needle under the influence of thermal radiation, heat generation and shape factor of ternary nanoparticles

The research examines the influence of diverse physical factors on the flow, temperature, and entropy attributes of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over an inclined needle. Ternary hybrid nanofluids, due to their superior thermal conductivity and distinctive flow characteristics, are extensively researched for improved thermal systems. Numerically we investigate the impacts of inclination angle, porous media, velocity ratio, thermal radiation, Eckert number, Brinkmann number, heat production, and nanoparticle volume percentage. The governing equations are resolved using fourth-order Runge-Kutta techniques in, and the results are shown via profiles of velocity, temperature, skin friction, Nusselt number and entropy production. According to the findings, the velocity profile becomes steeper as the porous medium permeability and magnetic field strength rise, but it gets steeper when the nanoparticle volume fraction and velocity ratio parameters go higher. On the other hand, the temperature profile rises with greater nanoparticle volume fractions, thermal radiation, Eckert number, and heat production, thereby stressing their influence on thermal energy transit. As the needle becomes thicker, skin friction increases; yet, as the nanoparticle volume fraction, permeability of porous media, and velocity ratio drop, it becomes apparent that the reverse is true. Nusselt number also goes up with increasing thermal radiation and needle thickness but goes down with increasing nanoparticle volume percentage, Eckert number, and heat production. As the electrical conductivity parameter rises from 0.5 to 2.0, the Nusselt number escalates by approximately 11.82 % for platelet shapes, 15.01 % for cylindrical shapes, and 755.88 % for spherical shapes; nonetheless, platelet-shaped nanoparticles demonstrate the highest overall heat transfer rate 28.66 % greater than cylinders and exceeding 1000 % compared to spheres underscoring their exceptional thermal efficacy. Enhanced thermal and frictional irreversibilities cause entropy generating profiles to climb dramatically with Brinkmann number, porous medium parameter, nanoparticle volume percentage, and thermal radiation. These results provide a thorough comprehension of the interaction among momentum, heat transport, and entropy formation in ternary hybrid nanofluids. The acquired insights may facilitate the optimization of thermal systems for applications in energy systems, biomedical devices, and sophisticated heat transfer technologies.