Bioinputs in Sustainable Agriculture: Benefits, Challenges, and Pathways for Resilient Farming Systems

The use of bioinputs in agriculture emerges as a promising strategy to promote more sustainable agricultural systems, aligned with the principles of agroecology and low environmental impact farming. Bioinputs include biofertilizers, inoculants, biopesticides, biosurfactants, and phytohormones. These inputs are derived from microorganisms, plant extracts, or organic residues and work by promoting plant growth, controlling pests, and improving soil fertility. Their integration with agroecological practices is essential to strengthen sustainable farming systems, reduce dependence on chemical inputs, and conserve biodiversity. Additionally, they support ecological balance and soil health, which are core pillars of agroecology. In this way, they enhance productivity with lower environmental impact while valuing local knowledge. They reduce dependence on chemical inputs, such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, minimizing environmental impacts and health risks. Biofertilizers and microbial inoculants improve soil health by promoting water and nutrient retention and the decomposition of organic matter, which supports long-term fertility. Biopesticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana, provide a safer and more effective alternative to conventional pesticides. Additionally, bioinputs contribute to plant growth by increasing water and nutrient absorption and plant resistance to environmental stresses, such as drought and salinity. Their adoption can also reduce production costs, especially for small farmers, and improve the quality and productivity of crops, granting access to niche markets, such as organic products. Furthermore, bioinputs have a positive impact on social inclusion and rural development, offering income opportunities for small communities and strengthening producers' autonomy. However, challenges such as a lack of technical knowledge, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of regulation hinder large-scale adoption. Research and development of new bioinputs, along with integration with other agroecological practices, have the potential to drive agriculture toward a more sustainable and resilient future, aligned with current global challenges.