Covalent organic framework-based cathodes for beyond lithium-ion batteries

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are revolutionizing cathode materials for beyond-lithium-ion batteries, leveraging their tunable porosity, modular architecture, and redox-active sites to overcome challenges in the storing alkali metal ions (Na+ and K+) and high-valent metal ions (Zn2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Mg2+, etc.) for electrochemical energy storage. Their unique crystal structure, molecular designability, and storage mechanism enable high specific capacity, low diffusion energy barrier, and structural stability when storing large-radius charge carriers. This review highlights recent advancements in COFs for applications beyond lithium-ion batteries, emphasizing performance optimization methodologies for next-generation cathode materials. Covalent organic frameworks can stabilize multivalent ions through chelation and confined pore effects, making them ideal for electrochemical energy storage. This Review highlights advances in covalent organic frameworks beyond-lithium-ion batteries and presents optimization strategies as next-generation electrodes.