Green Synthesis of Core/Shell Phase Change Materials: Applications in Industry and Energy Sectors

Engineered substances that demonstrate superior properties compared with conventional materials are called advanced materials. Thermal energy storage systems based on phase change materials (PCMs) offer an eco-friendly solution to reduce fuel and electricity consumption. PCMs are compounds that can store thermal energy in the form of latent heat during phase transitions. Green synthesis of core/shell composite PCMs is an environmentally friendly method for producing these materials, focusing on reducing energy consumption, minimizing the use of harmful chemicals, and utilizing biodegradable or sustainable materials. Green synthesis methods typically involve natural materials, solvent-free techniques, green solvents, biomimetic approaches, and energy-efficient processes. This review explores green synthesis methods like solvent-free techniques for core/shell PCMs production, highlighting their role in thermal regulation for energy-efficient buildings. Special attention is given to materials derived from biomass that can be used as precursors for PCM synthesis. Moreover, the principles of latent heat thermal energy storage systems with PCMs, in accordance with physical chemistry guidance, are also presented. Furthermore, materials that can be used as PCMs, along with the most effective methods for improving their thermal performance, as well as various passive applications in the building sector, are highlighted. Finally, the focus on the combination of environmentally friendly processes and the performance benefits of composite PCMs that offer a sustainable solution for thermal energy storage and management is also discussed. It was found that PCMs that are synthesized in a green way can reduce emissions and waste during production and disposal. Moreover, waste recycling and its use for another type of synthesis is also a potential green solution.