Routine Screening for Neurocognitive Impairment in Patients with Craniosynostosis: Towards a Standardized Approach

ObjectiveBeyond aesthetic implications, craniosynostosis can profoundly impact neurocognitive development. There is a notable gap in standardized methodologies for identifying which of these patients are at-risk for developing adverse neuropsychosocial outcomes through screening techniques. This research aims to identify and recommend a standardized, routine approach inclusive of free or low-cost screening instruments for patients with craniosynostosis that are easily administered in clinic with or without a trained examiner.DesignA systematic review was conducted. Data related to various developmental assessments were extracted and subsequently reviewed by two trained neuropsychologists for analysis, categorization, and recommendation.Main Outcomes MeasuresNeurocognitive screening assessments for patients with craniosynostosis.ResultsIn total, 114 different tests regarding neurocognitive examination of patients with craniosynostosis were cited. We identified six areas of neuropsychosocial development that are relevant for routine screening: Development, Social-Emotional/Behavioral, Adaptive Functioning, Academic Achievement, Autism, and ADHD/Attention. Within each category, screening recommendations are made, including instruments that are free or low-cost and can be easily administered in clinic with or without a trained examiner.ConclusionsLiterature supports the impact of craniosynostosis on neuropsychosocial development, so we urge teams to screen patients from an early age using these suggestions as they are free or relatively low-cost, can be administered to a wide range of patient ages, and can be administered in clinic with or without a trained examiner. This study serves as a starting point towards a more standardized approach to effectively evaluate and address the neurocognitive implications of craniosynostosis, ultimately enhancing patient care and treatment outcomes.