Antibiosis of Antibiotics, Honey and Probiotics Related Bacteria to Diabetic Foot Infections

In addition to being the main factor associated with amputation, diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are associated with major morbidity, increased mortality, and reduced quality of life. Appropriate treatment choice is crucial to reduce treatment failure, antimicrobial resistance, adverse events, and costs. This study aimed to investigate the causative pathogens of DFIs in patients from Tripoli University Hospital, their profile of antimicrobial susceptibility towards commonly used antibiotics, two types of honey, and different strains of probiotics including, Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) and Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii). This prospective study included 50 patients admitted to Tripoli University Hospital. Bacteriological specimens were obtained and processed using standard procedures for microbiological culture and sensitivity testing; their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The agar diffusion method was applied to honey and probiotics. The most common location of ulceration was the toe (60%), plantar surface (26%), and dorsal portion (14%). A total of 88 bacterial isolates were obtained. Mono-microbial cultures were (34%) and (66%) were polymicrobial. Gram-positive bacteria represented 45.4%; the rest are gram-negative bacteria. The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (28.4%), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (9.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (6.8%). Most gram-negative isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, followed by meropenem. Likewise, ciprofloxacin was the most effective against gram-positive isolates. Both L. acidophilus and L. reuteri inhibited the growth of all gram-negative isolates. In addition, there was no effect of S. boulardii on all isolates except P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella oxytoca. Both Enterobacter cloacae and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) were resistant to all tested probiotic strains. Based on our results, L. reuteri was more effective against all gram-positive isolates. Both types of honey inhibited the growth of all isolates, including multidrug-resistant E. cloacae and A. baumannii strains. On the contrary, Bacillus spp. were resistant to both honey types. The present study confirmed the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens in diabetic foot ulcers and that tested strains of probiotics and honey prevent the growth of a wide range of potential human pathogens, including 15 species of bacteria. This knowledge is crucial for planning treatment with new appropriate antimicrobials, reducing resistance patterns, and minimizing healthcare costs.