Bi-based materials: from electrochemical energy storage to novel electrochemical separation technologies

Due to its semi-metallic properties, layered structure, and the unique electronic properties endowed by the large interlayer spacing, bismuth-based materials exhibit a wide range of application scenarios in the electrochemical application direction. Currently, the unclear multiphase phase transition mechanism of bismuth-based materials and the capacity attenuation caused by the volume expansion resulting from the phase transition restrict their development. The storage mechanisms of different ions vary significantly across various application scenarios. In this study, we have conducted a classified discussion on the differentiated energy storage mechanisms for cations and anions in bismuth-based materials (such as cation/anion-specific conversion reactions), and have extended their application scope to emerging fields such as capacitive deionization . Exploring the application research of bismuth-based materials in new electrochemical technologies is of great significance, which provides new inspiration and insights for the further development of bismuth-based materials. • The structural characteristics of bismuth-based materials are summarized. • The anion and cation storage of bismuth-based materials are discussed separately. • The new electrochemical separation technology of bismuth-based materials is introduced. • The energy storage mechanism of bismuth-based materials in different scenarios is discussed. • Providing new insights for multi-scenario applicability of bismuth-based materials.