Development and Future Prospects of Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), as a representative of third-generation photovoltaic technology, have emerged as a research hotspot for overcoming the performance limitations of traditional silicon-based cells due to their high photoelectric conversion efficiency, low cost, and structural design flexibility. This paper systematically reviews breakthrough advancements in PSCs over the past five years: the efficiency of single-junction cells has risen from 25% to 26.9%, while tandem cells have achieved efficiencies exceeding 33.89%. Through material engineering (compositional regulation, defect passivation), interface optimization (alloyed electrodes, passivation layers), and encapsulation techniques (flexible stress-release structures, eco-friendly recycling), the stability under damp-heat conditions (T80 lifespan exceeding 2,000 hours) and environmental adaptability of PSCs have been significantly enhanced. Concurrently, advancements in large-area printing and vapor deposition technologies have accelerated industrialization (module efficiency of 28.6%, GW-scale production lines established) However, challenges such as lead toxicity concerns, insufficient long-term stability, and efficiency degradation in scaled-up production remain critical barriers to commercialization. Looking ahead, the development of lead-free materials, quantum dot-based triple-junction architectures, and closed-loop recycling systemscould propel PSCs toward a 40% efficiency target, positioning them as a core driver of photovoltaic industry innovation under the "Dual Carbon" strategy.