Shifts in plant reproductive phenology induced by multiple global change factors depend on phenological niche and pollination mode

Abstract Plant reproductive phenology is sensitive to climate change and has great implications for plant reproduction, community structure and ecosystem functions. Shifts in reproductive phenology under warmer temperatures have been widely studied, but how other global change factors, such as nitrogen enrichment and altered precipitation, interact with warming to influence phenology remains poorly understood. We conducted a field experiment in a Tibetan alpine meadow to examine the effects of warming, nitrogen addition, precipitation reduction and their interaction on plant reproductive phenology in 2017 and 2021. We found that warming interacted with precipitation reduction to affect reproductive phenology, independent of nitrogen addition. Specifically, warming led to an advance in flowering (3.5 days) and fruiting onset (3.8 days), but precipitation reduction offset this effect. Warming also extended the duration of flowering and reproduction but only when interacting with precipitation reduction. Nitrogen addition delayed the onset of flowering (2.1 days) and fruiting (1.8 days). Moreover, the effects of warming depended on the phenological niche of each species as well as its pollination mode. Early-flowering species advanced more in flowering onset than late-flowering species. The duration of flowering and reproduction of wind-pollinated species was prolonged while that of insect-pollinated species was shortened by warming. Our study highlights the necessity of considering the interaction of multiple factors in predicting phenological responses under global change and suggests that plant life-history traits should be taken into account in future studies.