At a Glance on Scheduled Tribes

The concept and identity of Scheduled Tribes (STs), also referred to as Adivasis, in India has evolved over centuries through diverse interpretations by scholars, colonial administrators, and policymakers. Adivasis are regarded as the original inhabitants of India, with unique socio-cultural traditions, geographical affiliations, and economic practices. This paper explores the historical, anthropological, and political dimensions of tribal identity in India, tracing its origins from ancient texts to colonial classifications and post-independence constitutional recognition. It discusses how the term "tribe" has been variously understood in Western and Indian contexts and how Scheduled Tribes were administratively defined through British and post-colonial legal frameworks. The paper also examines the debates on the use of terms such as "Adivasi," "Aboriginals," and "Indigenous Peoples," and the Indian government's position in international forums. Further, it analyzes constitutional provisions and protective measures for STs, highlighting the evolving role of state intervention in safeguarding tribal rights and promoting socio-economic development. Through a historical and legislative lens, the paper underscores the significance of preserving the cultural autonomy of STs while ensuring their integration into the broader socio-political framework of India.