Demystifying issues, causes and solutions in LLM open-source projects

With the advancements of Large Language Models (LLMs), an increasing number of open-source software projects are using LLMs as their core functional component. Although research and practice on LLMs are capturing considerable interest, no dedicated studies explored the challenges faced by practitioners of LLM open-source projects, the causes of these challenges, and potential solutions. To fill this research gap, we conducted an empirical study to understand the issues that practitioners encounter when developing and using LLM open-source software, the possible causes of these issues, and potential solutions. We collected all closed issues from 15 LLM open-source projects and labelled issues that met our requirements. We then randomly selected 994 issues from the labelled issues as the sample for data extraction and analysis to understand the prevalent issues, their underlying causes, and potential solutions. Our study results show that (1) Model Issue is the most common issue faced by practitioners, (2) Model Problem , Configuration and Connection Problem , and Feature and Method Problem are identified as the most frequent causes of the issues, and (3) Optimize Model is the predominant solution to the issues. Based on the study results, we provide implications for practitioners and researchers of LLM open-source projects. • A study to explore the issues, and their causes and solutions of LLM OSS projects . • A two-level taxonomy for the issues of LLM OSS projects is provided. • Taxonomies for the causes and solutions of the identified issues are provided. • Mappings from the identified issues to their causes and solutions are provided. • Implications for the users, developers, and researchers of LLM OSS are discussed.