The Prevalence of Autoimmune Blistering Diseases and their Potential Associations with Dietary and Environmental Factors: A Cross-sectional Retrospective Study

Background: Autoimmune blistering diseases (ABDs) such as pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) are a group of immunological skin disorders, with a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. However, the limited centralization and standardization of available data have hindered research into the epidemiologic risk factors associated with these diseases. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted, including 228 patients selected from Shahid Faqhihi hospital through the census sampling method. Epidemiological data, such as age, gender, disease duration, dietary habits, physical activity, lifestyle choices, sunlight exposure, and family history, were assessed. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. Results: The study included patients with a mean age of 50.3±14.8 years, disease duration of 4.52±5.3 years, and a female predominance (64.5%). The most common disease types were PV (75%), BP (10.5%), and pemphigus foliaceus (8.8%). Most patients reported no consumption of garlic (86.4%), onion (76.8%), tea or coffee (68%), and spicy foods (89%). The results showed high rates of abstaining from alcohol (99.1%), not smoking (87.7%), and not using hair dye (70.2%). Physical activity levels were primarily minimal or less (68%). Almost none of the participants (97.4%) reported exposure to pesticides. Additionally, 43.4% reported sunlight exposure of more than three days a week. Conclusion: The study revealed a male-to-female ratio of 2:1 among patients, with PV being the most prevalent disease type. Tea and coffee were the most consumed beverages, and a significant proportion of patients reported frequent sunlight exposure and smoking. A comprehensive approach involving lifestyle modifications and individualized care is crucial for managing ABDs effectively.