Mapping Left-Behind Regions: A Classification of Regional Disparities in Türkiye

This study examines regional disparities in Türkiye through the concept of "left-behind places," which has gained prominence in discussions on economic marginalization and political discontent. Despite the extensive literature on left-behind regions in the U.S., U.K., and Europe, Türkiye remains understudied. Using a Left-Behind Index (LBI) and K-means clustering analysis, this research identifies and classifies Türkiye’s NUTS2 regions based on long-term economic and demographic trends. The findings reveal persistent regional inequalities, characterized by an East-West divide and the economic underperformance of certain regions. Unlike Europe, where deindustrialization plays a crucial role, Türkiye’s left-behind regions are primarily defined by economic stagnation, population decline, and outmigration. The results underscore the need for targeted regional policies to address disparities. This study contributes to the broader discourse on left-behind places by providing empirical insights into Türkiye’s unique socio-economic landscape.