Temperature dependence of the full material constants of [011]-poled Mn-doped 0.32PIN-0.39PMN-0.29PT single crystals, and its effect on the performance of an underwater Tonpilz transducer

Transducers used actively in sonar systems are subject to prolonged transmission under high voltage, generating significant heat and experiencing temperature variations due to the operating environment. Piezoelectric single crystals exhibit changes in properties due to domain transformations, such as phase transitions, depending on the temperature. These changes affect the electrical and acoustic performance of transducers that use piezoelectric single crystals as active elements. In this study, the material constants of piezoelectric single crystals were derived under various temperature conditions, and the performance variations of transducers incorporating these constants were analyzed to investigate the impact of temperature changes on transducers. To this end, the electromechanical impedance of Mn: PIN-PMN-PT piezoelectric single crystal resonators polarized along the [011] crystal axis was measured at different temperatures. The complete set of physical constants was determined using the resonance method and optimization techniques based on the measured resonance frequency , anti-resonance frequency, and capacitance. The derived material constants were applied to a finite element model of a Tonpilz transducer to analyze the temperature-dependent characteristics of the transducer. Furthermore, a transducer structure insensitive to temperature variations was designed. This approach is expected to prevent the degradation of transducer efficiency and output due to temperature changes, thereby contributing to the performance stabilization of sonar systems. • Temperature-dependent material constants of [011]-poled Mn: PIN-PMN-PT were derived. • Material constants were evaluated using the resonance method. • The accuracy of the material constants was enhanced by the optimization method. • Temperature-dependent characteristics of the Tonpilz transducer were analyzed by FEA. • The effects of individual material constants on transducer performance were analyzed.