Skeletal age-at-death estimation: validating the Suchey-Brooks method using 3D reconstructed models in a contemporary Indonesian population

The Suchey-Brooks (S-B) standard is one of the most frequently applied approaches for age-at-death estimation in modern forensic practice. However, classification accuracy is known to vary across different populations. At present, there is a paucity of research related to the assessment of biological attributes in Indonesia, particularly the estimation of age-at-death. The use of computed tomography (CT) in S-B phase assignments has been validated in the literature. In considering further validating the use of CT, transition analysis (TA), and Bayesian statistics in age-at-death estimation, this study evaluated the accuracy of the S-B standard on a sample obtained from Indonesia. TA and Bayesian statistics are incorporated to address methodological issues such as age mimicry. A total of 378 multi-slice CT scans were analysed in OsiriX^®. TA and Bayesian statistics were used to derive age-at-death estimation models. Overall bias values were at - 6.0 years for females and - 13.1 years for males, while inaccuracy was at 9.6 years for females and 14.6 years for males. When applying the original S-B age ranges, 92.0% of females and 73.3% of males were correctly classified. Likewise, mean ages per S-B phase were higher in the Indonesian sample, except for females assigned to Phase VI. TA and Bayesian statistics derived age-at-death distribution models specific to the Indonesian population. The dissemination of an appropriate age-at-death estimation standard in the literature is of considerable benefit to casework conducted domestically in Indonesia, and also serves to further inform aspects of general forensic practice globally.