Virtual Reality in the Metaverse: A Scopus Literature Review

The bibliometric analysis highlights the rapid growth of research on the metaverse and virtual reality since 2021, driven by technological developments and corporate interests. The data show a clear predominance of technical studies (AI, blockchain, 5G) over social and environmental issues, with sustainability and the digital divide representing less than 5% of publications. Geographically, China, the US, and India concentrate academic production, marginalizing perspectives from the Global South. Although promising applications in resilient agriculture and inclusive design are identified, these remain marginal niches. Security and privacy emerge as recurring concerns, but lack robust ethical frameworks to address emerging risks. Methodological limitations, such as the bias toward English-language publications, reinforce the need to incorporate diverse voices and non-traditional sources. The study concludes that the development of the metaverse requires transdisciplinary approaches, inclusive policies, and critical education to ensure that technological innovation does not reproduce existing inequalities but instead promotes true digital equity.