Whole-Genome Sequencing Unveils the Uniqueness of Yushu Yaks (Bos grunniens)

The Yushu yak is one of China's distinctive yak breeds, primarily distributed in the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province and its surrounding areas. Yushu yaks are not only economically and culturally significant but also play a crucial role in protecting the ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and promoting sustainable development. However, there are no clear records regarding the ancestry, population structure, and unique traits of Yushu yaks. Therefore, this study conducted an analysis of genetic diversity, population structure, and selection signals in Yushu yak populations, aiming to provide references for the conservation and utilization of the breed genetic resources. The results of the analysis showed that the Yushu yak population has high genetic diversity and low inbreeding coefficients, indicating a stable genetic structure. Population structure analysis revealed that the Yushu yak lineage is unique, with limited gene flow between domestic and wild yaks. Functional enrichment analysis of positively selected genes in Yushu yaks indicated prominent selection features related to growth and development as well as energy metabolism. Additionally, we classified the Yushu yak breeding bulls into family lineages based on kinship, which is essential for improving the efficiency of utilizing genetic resources and scientifically managing the population.